The purpose of this study is to empirically investigate the effects of logistics EDI system adoption motives and internal organizational factors on business performance, including sales effectiveness and sales efficiency. To this end, hypotheses aligned with the research objectives were established through an extensive review of relevant prior literature, a research model capable of comprehensively testing these hypotheses was proposed, and empirical analysis was conducted. The research findings of this paper can be summarized in three points. First, firms with clearer objectives and performance measurement criteria at the time of logistics EDI system adoption showed higher sales efficiency, as reflected in improved employee work productivity. Conversely, firms whose logistics EDI system adoption was primarily driven by government and related agencies showed a negative effect on sales efficiency. Second, regarding sales effectiveness—including sales revenue, market share, reduction in inventory management costs, and shortening of order processing time—the establishment of clear objectives and performance measurement criteria at the time of adoption and the standardization and compatibility of EDI systems had positive effects, while government- and agency-driven adoption of logistics EDI systems had a negative effect. Third, the independent variables of logistics EDI system adoption motives and internal organizational factors were found to have no significant effect on transaction-related performance such as improved inter-firm trust and increased trading partner satisfaction.