Firms seeking to adapt to rapidly changing environments must innovate. Indeed, rather than merely adapting to change, it is necessary to continuously explore and pursue new opportunities. This requires transformation of the organizational structure itself, accompanied by corresponding changes in management systems. Most organizational innovations implemented by Korean firms have amounted to little more than directly applying innovation techniques and methodologies developed for foreign companies. Therefore, this study seeks to explore strategies for enhancing innovation performance in Korean firms. Drawing on the influencing factors related to innovation performance identified in prior research, it aims to establish a foundation for setting organizational innovation directions appropriate to the characteristics of Korean firms. The research results show that innovation performance was perceived very differently depending on organizational characteristics. Organizational structural complexity, communication openness, and the degree of top management commitment served as important influencing factors in determining performance. Furthermore, innovation performance was not perceived uniformly according to the demographic and personal characteristics of organizational members—a finding that differs from prior studies reporting such factors to be insignificant, and is therefore meaningful. In particular, the finding that performance is perceived differently depending on education level and years of tenure reflects the unique cultural characteristics of Korean firms. Meanwhile, individual organizational members were found to perceive innovation performance differently depending on the degree to which they perceived organizational characteristics. This suggests that organizational innovation should be pursued in a direction that redesigns organizational characteristics to suit individuals. Transforming the organization in consideration of individual differences among members is a critically important task that must be addressed before innovation implementation.