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Research Article

Are Consumers Really Attracted to “Free”? The Token Promotional Pricing Effect Under Non-monetary Costs

Zhiting Li1 · Geonha Kim2

1 Graduate School of Business Administration, Myongji University, 2 College of Business Administration, Myongji University

Published: August 2026 · Vol. 55 No. 4 · pp. 1671-1693

DOI: https://doi.org/10.17287/kmr.2026.55.4.1671

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Abstract

Free trials are widely used to attract new customers, yet it is unclear whether consumers are consistently motivated by “free.” When trial participation requires meaningful non-monetary costs such as time and effort, the effectiveness of free trials becomes questionable. This study investigates whether token-price trials—minimal, negligible payments—generate stronger consumer responses than free trials. A 2 × 2 between-subjects experiment manipulating trial promotion type (token-price vs. free) and non-monetary cost level (high vs. low) was conducted with 200 participants. Results show a significant interaction: participation intention and perceived value decrease under high non-monetary costs in free trials but increase under high non-monetary costs in token-price trials. Across all conditions, token-price trials produced higher perceived value and participation intention than free trials, demonstrating a clear token promotional pricing effect. Regression results confirmed that perceived value strongly predicts participation intention. PROCESS macro model 8 further revealed a significant moderated mediating effect: the indirect effect of trial type on participation intention via perceived value was stronger under high non-monetary cost conditions. These findings identify when token-price trials outperform free trials and provide actionable implications for designing more effective experiential marketing strategies.
Keywords: Token-price trialFree trialNon-monetary costsParticipation intentionToken promotional pricing effect