Technological innovation through Advanced Manufacturing Technology (AMT) and organizational innovation through Total Quality Management (TQM) play important roles in transforming the overall structure of firms. Highly integrated technologies such as AMT that transcend a single functional area require commensurate organizational change and organizational culture development for effective implementation. From this perspective, the integration of AMT and TQM is necessary to enhance corporate competitiveness. Especially when the adoption of AMT is undertaken not merely as a replacement for existing equipment but as technological innovation that affects the entire organization, the role of TQM becomes even more critical for improving corporate competitiveness. To analyze the interrelationship between these two, this study poses the following questions: Is there a relationship between the role of AMT and the role of TQM? Is TQM compatible with the technical sophistication of AMT? Can high competitiveness be achieved through the integration of AMT and TQM? Based on these questions, exploratory research propositions were established and empirically tested using Korean firms. The results show that the more prominent the role of AMT, the more pronounced the role of TQM becomes. Furthermore, when AMT is adopted through a more proactive and strategic approach to compete at the level of the entire organization—rather than at the operational or functional management level—TQM can permeate throughout the organization, and firms that successfully combine AMT and TQM demonstrate greater manufacturing performance than those that do not.