In this paper, Hackman and Oldham's Job Characteristics Model was examined at the level of analysis. When jobs are assigned to individuals—that is, when individuals perform their jobs independently of one another—the Job Characteristics Model was found to be a valid theory. However, when jobs are assigned to groups—that is, when members of a group perform their jobs interdependently—the Job Characteristics Model was found to be an invalid theory due to a mismatch in the level of analysis. Based on this finding, an alternative model was proposed in this paper. When both models were tested at the individual level, the alternative model proposed in this paper was supported. Furthermore, when tested under the assumption that jobs are assigned at the group and departmental levels, the alternative model proposed in this paper was likewise supported. In the discussion section, the nature of the model proposed in this paper was examined as yet another alternative to the Social Information Processing Model and the Growth Need–Growth Opportunity Model, which had previously been proposed as alternatives to the Job Characteristics Model.