With the recent active economic exchanges between capitalist and socialist systems and the rapid changes including economic reform measures in socialist countries, comparative studies of enterprises under both systems have become urgently needed. However, discussions on communist bloc countries have thus far been conducted primarily from political and macroeconomic perspectives, and research on communist bloc enterprises and their comparison with enterprises under the capitalist market economy system remains extremely scarce. This study, in comparing capitalist and socialist enterprises, departs from an ideological paradigm to examine the characteristics of enterprises in terms of organizational goals, sources of authority, organizational structure, organizational control, and organizational environment. It defines the macro-level transformation process currently underway in socialist countries as a post-socialist economy and also analyzes post-socialist enterprises. This study employed agency theory and organization equilibrium theory as the framework for comparing enterprise characteristics.