The first objective of this study is to determine whether technology importation and R&D activities are complementary or substitutive. The empirical results indicate that foreign technology importation and in-house R&D are complementary, suggesting that foreign technology importation neither substitutes for nor acts as a barrier to in-house R&D activities. However, the correlation between these two means of technology acquisition was found to be very low. The second objective of this study is to identify the determinants of these two technological efforts—foreign technology importation and in-house R&D. The empirical results reveal that for a firm's R&D activities to be undertaken, both a necessary condition of external stimuli such as competition in export markets or domestic markets, and a sufficient condition of fundamental technological capacity, scale, and technical personnel to carry out R&D activities must be met. Similarly, for a firm's technology importation activities to be undertaken, the analysis showed that both a necessary condition—either a significant competitive challenge from foreign products in the domestic market or the firm's perception of its own high product competitiveness requiring maintenance of sustained competitive advantage—and a sufficient condition of scale and technological capacity to enable foreign technology importation must be satisfied.