About This Journal

korean management review - Vol. 51 , No. 4

[ Article ]
korean management review - Vol. 51, No. 4, pp. 957-977
Abbreviation: kmr
ISSN: 1226-1874 (Print)
Print publication date 31 Aug 2022
Received 14 Dec 2021 Revised 14 Apr 2022 Accepted 18 Apr 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17287/kmr.2022.51.4.957

Voluntary Auditor Changes and Income Smoothing
Yong Mi Kim ; Seung-Weon Yoo
(First Author) Korea University Business School (ykim137@korea.ac.kr)
(Corresponding Author) Korea University Business School (acyoo@korea.ac.kr)

감사인 자율교체에 따른 이익유연화의 변화

Copyright 2011 THE KOREAN ACADEMIC SOCIETY OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0, which permits unrestricted, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

This study examines the effect of a voluntary auditor change on income smoothing. Investigating a sample of public companies for 2011-2018, we find that auditor changes are negatively associated with income smoothing when Big4 audit firms replace non-Big4 audit firms and that auditors consider previous earnings persistence. Overall, this study provides evidence that new auditors perceive income smoothing as opportunistic behavior, and this perspective is more prominent for Big4 audit firms. The results suggest that auditors, compared to investors and credit rating agencies, have a different perspective on income smoothing and auditors' evaluation depends on the earnings informativeness of client firms.


Keywords: Auditor changes, Income smoothing, Earnings persistence

References
1. Antle, R., and B. Nalebuff(1991), “Conservatism and Auditor-Client Negotiations,” Journal of Accounting Research, 29, pp.31-54.
2. Badrinath, S. G., G. D. Gay, and J. R. Kale(1989), “Patterns of Institutional Investment, Prudence, and the Managerial ‘Safety-Net’ Hypothesis,” Journal of Risk and Insurance, December, pp.605-629.
3. Baik, B., S. Choi, and D. Farber(2020), “Managerial ability and income smoothing,” The Accounting Review, 95(4), pp.1-22.
4. Becker, C. L., M. L. DeFond, J. Jiambalvo, and K. R. Subramanyam(1998), “The Effect of Audit Quality on Earnings Management,” Contemporary Accounting Research, 15(1), pp.1-24.
5. Chang, H, L. C. Jennifer Ho, and Z. Liu, and B. Ouyang(2021), “Income smoothing and audit fees,” Advances in Accounting, 54, 100547.
6. Chen, C., J-B. Kim, and L. Yao(2017), “Earnings smoothing: Does it exacerbate or constrain stock price crash risk?” Journal of Corporate Finance, 42, pp.36-54.
7. Choi, S. U.(2017), “The Relation between Auditor Tenure and Clients Earnings Persistence,” Korean International Accounting Review, 76, pp.1-27.
8. Davidson III, W. N., P. Jirapron, and P. DaDalt(2005), “Causes and consequences of audit shopping: An analysis of auditor opinions, earnings management, and auditor changes,” Quarterly Journal of Business and Economics, 45(1/2), pp.69-87.
9. Dechow, P., W. Ge, and C. Schrand(2010), “Understanding earnings quality: A review of the proxies, their determinants and their consequences,” Journal of Accounting and Economics, 50, pp.344-401.
10. DeFond, M.(1992), “The association between changes in client firm agency costs and auditor switching,” Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, 11(1), pp.16-31.
11. DeFond, M. L. and J. Jiambalvo(1993), “Factors Related to Auditor-Client Disagreements over Income-Increasing Accounting Methods,” Contemporary Accounting Research, 9(2), pp.415-431.
12. DeFond, M. L. and C. W. Park(1997), “Smoothing income in anticipation of future earnings,” Journal of Accounting and Economics, 23(2), pp.115-139.
13. DeFond, M. L. and K. R. Subramanyam(1998), “Auditor changes and discretionary accruals,” Journal of Accounting and Economics, 25(1), pp.35-67.
14. DeFond, M. and J. Zhang(2014), “A review of archival auditing research,” Journal of Accounting and Economics, 58(2), pp.275-326.
15. Demergian, P., J. Donovan, and M. F. Lewis-Western(2020), “Income smoothing and the usefulness of earnings for monitoring in debt contracting,” Contemporary Accounting Research, 37(2), pp.857-884.
16. Dye, R. A.(1991), “Informationally motivated auditor replacement,” Journal of Accounting and Economics, 14, pp.347-374.
17. Francis, B. B., D. M. Hunter, D. M. Robinson, M. N. Robinson, and X. Yuan(2017), “Auditor Changes and the Cost of Bank Debt,” The Accounting Review, 92(3), pp.1-31.
18. Francis, J., R. LaFond, P. M. Olsson, and K. Schipper(2004), “Costs of Equity and Earnings Attributes,” The Accounting Review, 79(4), pp.967-1010.
19. Fudenberg, D. and J. Tirole(1995), “A Theory of Income and Dividend Smoothing Based on Incumbency Rents,” Journal of Political Economy, 103(1), pp.75-93.
20. Ghosh, A. and D. Moon(2005), “Auditor tenure and perceptions of audit quality,” The Accounting Review, 80(2), pp.585-612.
21. Goel, A. M. and A. V Thakor,(2003), “Why do Firms Smooth Earnings?” Journal of Business, 76(1), pp.151-192.
22. Graham, J. R., C. R. Harvey, and S. Rajgopal(2005), “The economic implications of corporate financial reporting,” Journal of Accounting and Economics, 40, pp.3-73.
23. Hackenbrack, K. E. and C. E. Hogan(2002), “Market Response to Earnings Surprises Conditional on Reasons for an Auditor Change,” Contemporary Accounting Research, 19, pp.195-223.
24. Jenkins, D. and U. Velury(2008), “Does auditor tenure influence the reporting of conservative earnings?” Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 27(2), pp.115-132.
25. Johnson, V., I. Khurana, and J. Reynolds(2002), “Audit-firm tenure and the quality of financial reports,” Contemporary Accounting Research, 19(4), pp.637-660.
26. Jung, S. W. and J. H. No(2002), “The Association Between Auditor Change Direction and Discretionary Accruals,” Journal of Taxation and Accounting, 3(1), pp.93-116.
27. Jung, B., N. Soderstrom, and Y. S. Yang(2013), “Earnings Smoothing Activities of Firms to Manage Credit Ratings,” Contemporary Accounting Research, 30(2), pp.645-676.
28. Kim, S. M. and S. W. Yoo(2010), “Auditor Changes and Discretionary Accruals,” Journal of Taxation and Accounting, 11(3), pp.95-122.
29. Kirschenheiter, M. and N. D. Melumad(2002), “Can “Big Bath” and Earnings Smoothing Co-exist as Equilibrium Financial Reporting Strategies?” Journal of Accounting Research, 40(3), pp.761-796.
30. Kothari, S. P., A. Leone, and C. Wasley(2005), “Performance matched discretionary accruals,” Journal of Accounting and Economics, 39(1), pp.161-197.
31. LaFond, R., M. Lang, and H. Ashbaugh-Skaife(2007), “Earnings smoothing, governance and liquidity: International evidence,” Working paper.
32. Lee, S. C.(2018), “Earnings Persistence, Earnings Smoothing and the Cost of Equity Capital,” Korean International Accounting Review, 79, pp.107-125.
33. Lee, M. G., S. C. Lee, and S. Chang(2009), “Earnings Management for Income Smoothing and Audit Quality,” Korea Business Education Review, 57(1), pp.233-253.
34. McInnis, J.(2010), “Earnings Smoothness, Average Returns, and Implied Cost of Equity Capital,” The Accounting Review, 85(1), pp.315-341.
35. Michelson, S. E.(2000), “The Relationship Between the Smoothing of Reported Income and Risk-Adjusted Returns,” Journal of Economics and Finance, Summer, pp.141-159.
36. Na, C. K.(2007), “Persistence of Cash flows and Accruals and Analysts' Efficiency,” Journal of Industrial Economics and Business, 20(5), pp.1995-2011.
37. Park, B. J.(2012), “The Effects of non-Audit Services and Income Smoothing On Audit Fee,” Korean Accounting Journal, 21(6), pp.257-286.
38. Park, J. S. and K. H. Choi(2001), “The demand for differential audits and voluntary auditor changes,” Korean Accounting Review, 26(3), pp.1-25.
39. Park, J. I. and S. K. Kwak(2007), “Auditor changes and audit quality,” Study on Accounting, Taxation and Auditing, 46, pp.191-226.
40. Park, J. I. and K. Na(2016), “A Study on the Auditor Changes and Earnings Management under Pre-and Post-IFRS,” Korean Accounting Journal, 25(1), pp.299-344.
41. Sankar, M. R., and K. R. Subramanyam(2001), “Reporting Discretion and Private Information Communication through Earnings,” Journal of Accounting Research, 39(2), pp.365-386.
42. Sloan, R.(1996), “Do stock prices fully reflect information in accruals and cash flows about future earnings?” The Accounting Review, 71(3), pp.289-315.
43. Sohn, S. K. and Y. H. Kim(2004), “Information Content Study of the Auditor Switch,” Korean Management Review, 33(3), pp.685-702.
44. Suh, C-W, J. I. Park, and J. Y. Shin(2013), “Corporate Governance and Income Smoothing,” Korean Accounting Review, 38(3), pp.41-79.
45. Sunwoo, H-Y and E. Y. Lee(2021), “Frequency of Auditor Turnover and Audit Quality,” Korean Accounting Review, 46(1), pp.1-40.
46. Trueman, B. and S. Titman(1988), “An Explanation for Accounting Income Smoothing,” Journal of Accounting Research, 26(Supplement), pp.127-139.
47. Tucker, J. W. and P. A. Zarowin(2006), “Does Income Smoothing Improve Earnings Informativeness?” The Accounting Review, 81(1), pp.251-270.
48. Wang, Z, and T. H. Williams(1994), “Accounting Income Smoothing and Stockholder Wealth,” Journal of Applied Business Research, 10(3), pp.96-104.
49. Yang, D-H, Y. Park, S. Choi, and S. C. Kweon(2007), “Does Income Smoothing Reduce the Cost of Capital?” Korean Accounting Journal, 16(4), pp.57-77.

∙ The author Yong Mi Kim is a Ph.D. Candidate at Korea University Business School and a lecturer at Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology. Her research interests include the market for audit services and financial reporting choices.

∙ The author Seung-Weon Yoo is a professor at Korea University Business School. His research focuses on the earnings forecast, analysts’ behavior, auditing and managerial incentives and corporate governance.