About This Journal

korean management review - Vol. 51 , No. 1

[Paper List] [Go to Volume List]


[ Article ]
korean management review - Vol. 51, No. 1, pp. 79-99
Abbreviation: kmr
ISSN: 1226-1874 (Print)
Print publication date 28 Feb 2022
Received 29 Apr 2021 Revised 25 Sep 2021 Accepted 09 Oct 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17287/kmr.2022.51.1.79
Motivational Role of Self-Efficacy: Reinforcement Effects of Worker Cooperatives and Autonomy
Rhokeun Park
(First Author) College of Business, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies (rkpark75@hufs.ac.kr)
자기효능감의 동기부여 역할: 직원협동조합과 자율성의 강화 효과

Copyright 2011 THE KOREAN ACADEMIC SOCIETY OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0, which permits unrestricted, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


Funding Information ▼ Hankuk University of Foreign Studies

Abstract

This study examines whether self-efficacy can play a role as a motivator. By integrating person-environment fit theory and the job demands-resources model, this study investigates whether worker cooperatives interacts with self-efficacy to reinforce employees’ intrinsic motivation. Since worker cooperatives are owned and managed by members who work for the organizations, the members are provided with considerable autonomy. If employees with strong self-efficacy are given considerable autonomy, their intrinsic motivation will be reinforced because a means to actualize their self-efficacy is provided. Thus, this study explores whether worker cooperatives, through autonomy, play a role as an organizational resource that can strengthen the relationship between self-efficacy and intrinsic motivation. Using a multilevel mediated moderation model, this study analyzed the surveys conducted at worker cooperatives and corporations in 2019. The findings of this study provided evidence that worker cooperatives strengthen the relationship of self-efficacy with intrinsic motivation because they provide their members with more autonomy than corporations. Thus, the findings of this study provide implications on how worker cooperatives and autonomy can change the relationship between self-efficacy and intrinsic motivation. Furthermore, this study contributes to the literature by offering a mechanism through which worker cooperatives play a moderating role through autonomy.


Keywords: self-efficacy, intrinsic motivation, autonomy, worker cooperative, job demands-resources model

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by Hankuk University of Foreign Studies Research Fund.

References


1.	Aiken, L. S. and S. G. West(1991), Multiple Regression: Testing and Interpreting Interactions. Sage, CA.
2.	Amabile, T. M.(1996), Creativity in Context, Westview Press, New York.
3.	An, S. Y. and S. D. Kim(2018), “The Effects of Franchiser Motivation of Franchisee Performance: The Moderating Effects of Supervisor Coaching Leadership,” Korean Management Review, 47(3), pp.703-724.
4.	Axtell, C. M. and S. K. Parker(2003), “Promoting Role Breadth Self-Efficacy through Involvement, Work Redesign and Training,” Human Relations, 56(1), pp.113-131.
5.	Bagozzi, R. P. and Y. Yi(1990), “Assessing Method Variance in Multitrait-Multimethod Matrices: The Case of Self-reported Affect and Perceptions at Work,” Journal of Applied Psychology, 75, pp.547-560.
6.	Bakker, A. B., E. Demerouti, and W. B. Schaufeli (2003), “Dual Processes at Work in a Call Centre: An Application of the Job Demands-Resources Model,” European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 12, pp.393-417.
7.	Bandura, A.(1977), Social Learning Theory, Prentice Hall, VA.
8.	Bandura, A. and D. H. Schunk(1981), “Cultivating Competence, Self-Efficacy, and Intrinsic Interest Through Proximal Self-Motivation,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41(3), pp.586-598.
9.	Bandura, A.(1986), Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory. Prentice Hall, NJ.
*10.*	Bandura, A.(1997), Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control. Freeman, New York.
*11.*	Bradley, K. and A. Gelb(1981), “Motivation and Control in the Mondragon Experiment,” British Journal of Industrial Relations, 19(2), pp.211-231.
*12.*	Chen, C. V. and R. Kao(2011), “A Multilevel Study on the Relationships between Work Characteristics, Self-efficacy, Collective Efficacy, and Organizational Citizenship Behavior: The Case of Taiwanese Police Duty-executing Organizations,” The Journal of Psychology, 145(4), pp.361-390.
*13.*	Chen, T., F. Li and K. Leung(2016), “When Does Supervisor Support Encourage Innovative Behavior? Opposite Moderating Effects of General Self-efficacy and Internal Locus of Control,” Personnel Psychology, 69, pp.123-158.
*14.*	Cheney, G., I. S. Cruz, A. M. Peredo and E. Nazareno(2014), “Worker Cooperatives as an Organizational Alternative: Challenges, Achievements and Promise in Business Governance and Ownership,” Organization, 21(5), pp.591-603.
*15.*	Christ, O., M. Hewstone, N. Tausch, U. Wagner, A. Voci, J. Hughes and E. Cairns(2010), “Direct Contact as a Moderator of Extended Contact Effects: Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Impact on Outgroup Attitudes, Behavioral Intentions, and Attitude Certainty,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36(12), pp.1662-1674.
*16.*	Deci, E. L., H. Eghrary, B. C. Patrick, and D. Leone(1994), “Facilitating Internalization: The Self-determination Theory Perspective,” Journal of Personality, 62, pp.119-142.
*17.*	Deci, E. L., R. Koestner, and R. M. Ryan(1999), “A Meta-Analytic Review of Experiments Examining the Effects of Extrinsic Rewards on Intrinsic Motivation,” Psychological Bulletin, 125(6), pp.627-668.
*18.*	Demerouti, E., A. B. Bakker, F. Nachreiner, and W. B. Schaufeli(2001), “The Job Demands-Resources Model of Burnout,” Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, pp.499-512.
*19.*	Edwards, J. R. and L. S. Lambert(2007), “Methods for Integrating Moderation and Mediation: A General Analytical Framework Using Moderated Path Analysis,” Psychological Methods, 12, pp.1-22.
*20.*	Erkutlu, H., and J. Chafra(2015), “The Mediating Roles of Psychological Safety and Employee Voice on the Relationship between Conflict Management Styles and Organizational Identification,” American Journal of Business, 30(1), pp.72-91.
*21.*	Fornell, C., and D. F. Larcker(1981), “Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error,” Journal of Marketing Research, 18, pp.39-50.
*22.*	French, J. L., and J. Rosenstein(1984), “Employee Ownership, Work Attitudes, and Power Relationships,” Academy of Management Journal, 27(4), pp.861-869.
*23.*	Gist, M. E.(1987), “Self-efficacy: Implications for Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management,” Academy of Management Review, 12(3), pp.472-485.
*24.*	Grant, A. M., and J. W. Berry(2011), “The Necessity of Others is the Mother of Invention: Intrinsic and Prosocial Motivations, Perspective Taking, and Creativity,” Academy of Management Journal, 54(1), pp.73-96.
*25.*	Gupta, C.(2014), “The Co-operative Model as a Living Experiment in Democracy,” Journal of Co-operative Organization and Management, 2, pp.98-107.
*26.*	Hartmann, F., and S. Slapnicar(2012), “Pay Fairness and Intrinsic Motivation: The Role of Pay Transparency,” The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 23(20), pp.4283-4300.
*27.*	Hobfoll, S. E., R. J. Johnson, N. Ennis, and A. P. Jackson, (2003), “Resource Loss, Resource Gain, and Emotional Outcomes among Inner City Women,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, pp.632-643.
*28.*	Hoffmann, E. A.(2001), “Confrontations and Compromise: Dispute Resolution at a Worker Cooperative Coal Mine,” Law & Social Inquiry, 26(3), pp.555-596.
*29.*	Jex, S. M., and P. D. Bliese(1999), “Efficacy Beliefs as a Moderator of the Impact of Work-Related Stressors: A Multilevel Study,” Journal of Applied Psychology, 84(3), pp.349-361.
*30.*	Joreskog, K. G. and D. Sorbom(2004), LISREL 8.7 for Windows. Scientific Software International, IL.
*31.*	Judge, T. A., E. A. Locke, and C. C. Durham(1997), “The Dispositional Causes of Job Satisfaction: A Core Evaluations Approach,” Research in Organizational Behavior, 19, pp.151-188.
*32.*	Judge, T. A. and J. E. Bono(2001), “Relationship of Core Self-evaluations Traits―Self-esteem, Generalized Self-efficacy, Locus of Control, and Emotional Stability―with Job Satisfaction and Job Performance: A Meta-Analysis,” Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(1), pp.80-92.
*33.*	Judge, T. A., J. E. Bono, A. Erez, and E. A. Locke (2005), “Core Self-evaluations and Job and Life Satisfaction: The Role of Self-concordance and Goal Attainment,” Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(2), pp.257-268.
*34.*	Karasek, R. A.(1979), “Job Demands, Job Decision Latitude, and Mental Strain: Implications for Job Redesign,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 24(2), pp.285-308.
*35.*	Kim, M. and S. Park(2010), “Determinants and Outcomes of Self-efficacy,” GRI Review, 12(2), pp.5-34.
*36.*	LeBreton, J. M. and J. L. Senter(2008), “Answers to 20 Questions about Interrater Reliability and Interrater Agreement,” Organizational Research Methods, 11(4), pp.815-852.
*37.*	Lee, J. and J. Jee(2007), “Moderating Effects of Emotional Intelligence on the Relationships between Job Demand and Burn-out: Focused on Tourism Employees,” Journal of Human Resource Management Review, 14(4), pp.276-294.
*38.*	Lima, J. C.(2007), “Workers’ Cooperatives in Brazil: Autonomy vs. Precariousness,” Economic and Industrial Democracy, 28(4), pp.589-621.
*39.*	Liu, D., K. Jiang, C. E. Shalley, S. Keem, and J. Zhou(2016), “Motivational Mechanisms of Employee Creativity: A Meta-Analytic Examination and Theoretical Extension of the Creativity Literature,” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 137, pp.236-263.
*40.*	Long, R. J.(1978), “The Effects of Employee Ownership on Organizational Identification, Employee Job Attitudes, and Organizational Performance: A Tentative Framework and Empirical Findings,” Human Relations, 31(1), pp.29-48.
*41.*	Maggiori, C., C. S. Johnston, and J. Rossier(2016), “Contribution on Personality, Job Strain, and Occupational Self-efficacy to Job Satisfaction in Different Occupational Contexts,” Journal of Career Development, 43(3), pp.244-259.
*42.*	Okland, G. M. and O. Kvitastein(2015), “Employee Ownership and Organizational Identification,” Scandinavian Journal of Business Research, 29(2), pp.184-205.
*43.*	Oliver, N., (1990), “Work Rewards, Work Values, and Organizational Commitment in an Employee-Owned Firm: Evidence from the U.K.,” Human Relations, 43(6), pp.513-526.
*44.*	O'Neill, B. S. and M. A. Mone(1998), “Investigating Equity Sensitivity as a Moderator of Relations between Self-efficacy and Workplace Attitudes,” Journal of Applied Psychology, 83(5), pp.805-816.
*45.*	Park, R.(2017), “Work Values, Job Satisfaction, and Job Devotion Behavior: Moderating Role of Worker Cooperatives,” Korean Journal of Management, 25(1), pp.109-128.
*46.*	Park, R.(2018), “Responses to Job Demands: Moderating Role of Worker Cooperatives,” Employee Relations, 40(2), pp.346-361.
*47.*	Park, R.(2019), “Responses to Emotional Exhaustion: Do Worker Cooperatives Matter?” Personnel Review, 48(2), pp.438-453.
*48.*	Parker, S. K., H. M. Williams, and N. Turner(2006), “Modeling the Antecedents of Proactive Behavior at Work,” Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(3), pp.636-652.
*49.*	Pierce, J. L., and D. G. Gardner(2004), “Self-Esteem within the Work and Organizational Context: A Review of the Organization-based Self-Esteem Literature,” Journal of Management, 30, 591-622.
*50.*	Raudenbush, S. and A. S. Bryk(2002), Hierarchical Linear Models: Applications and Data Analysis Methods. Sage, CA.
*51.*	Ryan, R. M. and E. L. Deci(2000), “Self-determination Theory and the Facilitation of Intrinsic Motivation, Social Development, and Well-being,” American Psychologist, 55, pp.68-78.
*52.*	Salanova, M., S. Llorens, and W. B. Schaufeli (2011), “Yes, I Can, I Feel Good, and I Just Do It! On Gain Cycles and Spirals of Efficacy Beliefs, Affect, and Engagement,” Applied Psychology: An International Review, 60(2), pp.255-285.
*53.*	Scott, M., K. A. Swortzel, and W. N. Taylor(2005), “The Relationships Between Selected Demographic Factors and the Level of Job Satisfaction of Extension Agents,” Journal of Agricultural Education, 46(3), 2-11.
*54.*	Schaubroeck, J., S. K. Lam, and J. L. Xie(2000), “Collective Efficacy versus Self-efficacy in Coping Responses to Stressors and Control: A Cross-Cultural Study,” Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, pp.512-525.
*55.*	Schaufeli, W. B. and A. B. Bakker(2004), “Job Demands, Job Resources, and Their Relationship with Burnout and Engagement: A Multi-Sample Study,” Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25, pp.293-315.
*56.*	Schaufeli, W. B.(2017), “Applying the Job Demands-Resources Model: A ‘how to’ Guide to Measuring and Tackling Work Engagement and Burnout,” Organizational Dynamics, 46, pp.120-132.
*57.*	Sharma, S. K. and S. Sharma, (2015), “Psychological Capital as a Predictor of Workplace Behavior,” Journal of Management Research, 15(1), pp.60-70.
*58.*	Siemsen, E., A. Roth, and P. Oliveira(2010), “Common Method Bias in Regression Models with Linear, Quadratic, and Interaction Effects,” Organizational Research Methods, 13, pp.456-476.
*59.*	Skaalvik, E. M. and S. Skaalvik(2014), “Teacher Self-efficacy and Perceived Autonomy: Relations with Teacher Engagement, Job Satisfaction, and Emotional Exhaustion,” Psychological Reports: Employment Psychology & Marketing, 114(1), pp.68-77.
*60.*	Smith, A., N. Choi, D. Fuqua, and J. Newman (2011), “Role Ambiguity as a Moderator of Occupational Self-efficacy and Job Satisfaction,” Psychological Reports, 109(1), pp.243-251.
*61.*	Song, K. and E. Shin(2016), “The Impacts of the Democratic Difference Between Worker's Cooperatives and Corporations on the Social Capital in Workplace,” Korean Journal of Industrial Relations, 26(4), pp.81-112.
*62.*	Spreitzer, G. M.(1995), “Psychological Empowerment in the Work place: Construct Definition, Measurement, and Validation,” Academy of Management Journal, 38, pp.1442-1465.
*63.*	Sun, L., S. Aryee, and K. S. Law(2007). “High-performance Human Resource Practices, Citizenship Behavior, and Organizational Performance: A Relational Perspective,” Academy of Management Journal, 50(3), pp.558-577.
*64.*	Tabernero, C. and B. Hernandez(2011), “Self-Efficacy and Intrinsic Motivation Guiding Environmental Behavior,” Environment and Behavior, 43(5), pp.658-675.
*65.*	Tepper, B. J., M. K. Duffy, J. Hoobler, and M. D. Ensley(2004), “Moderators of the Relationships between Coworkers’ Organizational Citizenship Behavior and Fellow Employees’ Attitudes,” Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(3), pp.455-465.
*66.*	Van den Broeck, A., J. Van Ruysseveldt, P. Smulders, and H. D. Witte(2011), “Does an Intrinsic Work Value Orientation Strengthen the Impact of Job Resources? A Perspective from the Job Demands-Resources Model,” European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 20(5), pp.581-609.
*67.*	Van Vianen, A.(2018), “Person-Environment Fit: A Review of its Basic Tenets,” Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 5, pp.75-101.
*68.*	Van Wingerden, J., D. Derks, and A. B. Bakker (2017), “The Impact of Personal Resources and Job Crafting Interventions on Work Engagement and Performance,” Human Resource Management, 56(1), pp.51-67.
*69.*	Walumbwa, F. O., R. Cropanzano, and B. M. Goldman (2011), “How Leader-Member Exchange Influences Effective Work Behaviors: Social Exchange and Internal-External Efficacy Perspectives,” Personnel Psychology, 64, pp.739-770.
*70.*	Xanthopoulou, D., A. Bakker, E. Demerouti, and W. Schaufeli(2007), “The Role of Personal Resources in the Job Demands-Resources Model,” International Journal of Stress Management, 14, pp.121-141.
*71.*	Youssef, C. M. and F. Luthans(2007), “Positive Organizational Behavior in the Workplace: The Impact of Hope, Optimism, and Resilience,” Journal of Management, 33, pp.774-800.
*72.*	Zellars, K. L., P. L. Perrewe, A. M. Rossi, B. J. Tepper, and G. R. Ferris(2008), “Moderating Effects of Political Skill, Perceived Control, and Job-Related Self-efficacy on the Relationship between Negative Affectivity and Physiological Strain,” Journal of Organizational Behavior, 29(5), pp.549-571.

∙ The author Rhokeun Park is a full professor at Hankuk University of Foreign Studies. He received his B.S. in Chemistry and M.S. in Economics from Korea University. He received his Ph.D. in Industrial Relations and Human Resources from Rutgers University. His research interests include autonomy, employee participation, financial incentives, employee ownership, and worker cooperatives.