About This Journal

korean management review - Vol. 47 , No. 4

[Paper List] [Go to Volume List]


[ Article ]
korean management review - Vol. 47, No. 4, pp. 837-864
Abbreviation: kmr
ISSN: 1226-1874 (Print)
Print publication date 31 Aug 2018
Received 25 Jun 2018 Accepted 17 Jul 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17287/kmr.2018.47.3.837
From Education to Employment: Investigating the Performative Meanings of Internship
Subin Choi^* ; Hyung Ju Ji^ ; Sang-Joon Kim^*
*Undergraduate Student, College of Social Sciences, Ewha Womans University, First Author

**Ph.D. Candidate, Sogang Business School, Sogang University, Co-Author

***Assistant Professor, Ewha School of Business, Ewha Womans University, Corresponding Author

교육에서 고용으로: 인턴십의 사후적 의미변화 과정 고찰
최수빈^* ; 지형주^ ; 김상준^*

*(주저자) 이화여자대학교 사회과학대학 학부과정 (subinne@naver.com)

**(공저자) 서강대학교 경영대학 박사과정 (hyungju@sogang.ac.kr)

***(교신저자) 이화여자대학교 경영대학 조교수 (s.kim@ewha.ac.kr)

Abstract

This study investigates how individuals respond to an institution. In particular, we attempt to illuminate the sensemaking process can be one of micro-foundations of organizational decoupling. Positing that the meanings of an institution can be differently interpreted by individuals, we elaborate the sensemaking process in the context of internship. In fact, internship has multiple meanings (such as education and employment) and interns have their own understandings on the internship. In this sense, we specify the process in which the meanings of internship are re-framed by individuals. We postulate that such re-framing process is derived from ongoing interactions between institution and actors. And it reveals a performative change in the meanings of an institution. As an institution, internship is originally conceived to facilitate the job training (i.e. education), but as individuals get through the internship, they re-define the meaning of internships into a kind of job position, (i.e. employment). In this study, through in-depth interviews of 10 undergraduate students in Korea, we disentangle the mechanism of the meaning-change process. Based on the process of sensemaking, our findings reveal that the sensemaking process can be specified into the nullification stage and re-definition stage. At the nullification stage, interns are tend to reject their original and ostensible meaning of internship, i.e. education. Rather, this rejection (i.e. nullification) leads to creating a new meaning, i.e. employment. With the nullified meaning of internship, interns tends to re-define the meaning of internship, which is deviated from its ostensible meaning. Such deviance of meaning, or the performative meaning of internship, indicates that the internship can be differently employed among different firms. And this results in organizational decoupling. Hence, our study can contribute to the literature on organizational decoupling in terms that the gap between expectation and experience can lead to a re-framing process of the meanings of an institution. Based on our findings, we provide theoretical and practical implications on the performative meanings of institution.

초록

본 연구는 인턴십 제도에 대한 개인의 반응을 분석함으로써, 인턴십이 선험적으로 기대하는 것과는 달리 사후적으로 의미변화가 나타남을 주장한다. 구체적으로 인턴십의 제도적 의미(ostensible meaning)인 교육에서 현상적 의미(performative meaning)인 고용으로 변화하는 과정을 인턴십을 경험한 학부 대학생의 의식구조를 추적함으로써 구체화하고자 한다. 인턴십은 교육과 고용의 의미가 혼재되어 있는 새로운 형태의 제도이다. 다만 인턴십을 경험전의 제도적 의미 및 목적은 고용보다는 교육이 강하나 인턴십을 경험한 이후에는 그 의미가 교육보다는 고용으로 변화해 간다. 본 연구는 10명의 인턴십을 경험한 학부 대학생의 심층 인터뷰를 바탕으로 인턴십의 의미가 사후적으로 백지화(nullification)에서 의미 재정의(re-definition)의 과정을 거쳐서 새로운 의미로 변화해 감을 보여주고자 한다.


Keywords: Internship, Meaning change, Decoupling, Sensemaking 키워드: 인턴십, 의미 변화 과정, 제도의 디커플링, 센스메이킹

Acknowledgments

본 논문의 완성을 위해서 아낌없는 토론을 해주신 일본 사이타마대학교 노성철 교수, 국민대학교 김나정 교수, 서울시립대학교 류준열 교수님께 감사의 말씀을 드립니다. 아울러, 논문 심사에서 건설적인 조언을 주신 익명의 심사자 두 분께도 감사의 말씀을 드립니다.

References


1.	김동수·차현진·박상찬(2017), “신제도주의 조직이론의 과제와 전망: 제도적 디커플링(Institutional Decoupling) 연구를 중심으로,” 인사조직연구, 25(3), 121-150.
2.	김지영(2015), “인턴십 프로그램 경험이 대학생 진로발달에 영향을 미치는 요인에 관한 질적 사례연구,” 직업교육연구, 34(2), 75-108.
3.	김향아(2013), 국내기업의 채용관행 변화 실태와 개선과제: 대졸 인턴제를 중심으로, 서울, 한국노동연구원.
4.	이종구·김병기(2008), “한국기업의 인턴사원제도의 사적 전개과정과 시대별 특성 비교분석에 관한 탐색적 연구,” 경영사학, 23(3), 261-298.
5.	한겨례(2012), “지원 끊기면 나가야 돼요” 청년인턴의 좌절, 한겨례 A1면, 2012.02.01.
6.	한국경영자총협회(2012), 인턴제도 운영 실태조사, 한국경영자총협회.
7.	Aronsson, G., K. Gustafsson, and M. Dallner(2002), “Work Environment and Health in Different Types of Temporary Jobs,” European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 11(2), 151-175.
8.	Bartlett, T.(2009), Phoenix Risen: How a History Professor Became the Pioneer of the For-Profit Revolution, The Chronicle of Higher Education, Retrieved February 2, 2011, from https://chronicle.com/article/phoenix-risen/46988.
9.	Bloomberg(2013), Unpaid-Intern Lawsuits Explained. https://www.bloomberg.com/.
*10.*	Callon, M.(1998), The Laws of the Markets, London: Blackwell.
*11.*	Coco, M.(2000), “Internships: A Try Before You Buy Arrangement,” SAM Advanced Management Journal, 65(2), 41-43.
*12.*	De Cuyper, N., J. De Jong, H. De Witte, K. Isaksson, T. Rigotti, and R. Schalk(2008), “Literature Review of Theory and Research on the Psychological Impact of Temporary Employment: Towards a Conceptual Model,” International Journal of Management Reviews, 10(1), 25-51.
*13.*	Ferree, M. M.(2003), “Resonance and Radicalism: Feminist Framing in the Abortion Debates of the United States and Germany,” American Journal of Sociology, 109(2), 304-344.
*14.*	Festinger, L.(1962), A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance (2nd ed.), Stanford University Press.
*15.*	Gault, J., J. Redington, and T. Schlager(2000), “Undergraduate Business Internships and Career Success: Are They Related?,” Journal of Marketing Education, 22(1), 45-53.
*16.*	Gephart, R. P., C. Topal, and Z. Zhang(2010), “Future-oriented Sensemaking: Temporalities and Institutional Legitimation,” in T. Hernes and S. Maitlis (Eds.), Process, Sensemaking, and Organizing, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 275-312.
*17.*	Glaser, D., and A. L. Strauss(1967), The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research, New York: Aldine.
*18.*	Goffman, E.(1974), Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience, London: Harper and Row.
*19.*	Goodstein, J. D.(1994), “Institutional Pressures and Strategic Responsiveness: Employer Involvement in Work-Family Issues,” Academy of Management Journal, 37(2), 350-382.
*20.*	Kiesler, S., and L. Sproull(1982), “Managerial Response to Changing Environments: Perspectives on Problem Sensing from Social Cognition,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 27, 548-570.
*21.*	King, A. A., M. J. Lenox, and A. Terlaak(2005), “The Strategic Use of Decentralized Institutions: Exploring Certification with the ISO 14001 Management Standard,” Academy of Management Journal, 48(6), 1091-1106.
*22.*	King, B. G., and N. A. Pearce(2010), “The Contentiousness of Markets: Politics, Social Movements, and Institutional Change in Markets,” Annual Review of Sociology, 36, 349-367.
*23.*	Louis, M. R.(1980), “Surprise and Sense Making: What Newcomers Experience in Entering Unfamiliar Organizational Settings,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 25, 226-251.
*24.*	MacKenzie, D., F. Muniesa, and L. Siu(2007), Do Economists Make Markets? On the Performativity of Economics, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
*25.*	MacKenzie, D., and Y. Millo(2003), “Constructing a Market, Performing Theory: The Historical Sociology of a Financial Derivatives Exchange,” American Journal of Sociology, 109(1), 107-145.
*26.*	Maitlis, S., and M. Christianson(2014), “Sensemaking in Organizations: Taking Stock and Moving Forward,” The Academy of Management Annals, 8(1), 57-125.
*27.*	March, J. G.(1994), A Primer on Decision Making, New York, NY: Free Press.
*28.*	Mezias, S. J.(1990), “An Institutional Model of Organizational Practice: Financial Reporting at the Fortune 200,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 35(3), 431-457.
*29.*	Meyer, J. W., and B. Rowan(1977), “Institutionalized Organizations: Formal Structure as Myth and Ceremony,” American Journal of Sociology, 83(2), 340-363.
*30.*	Meyer, J. W.(1987), “The Self and the Life Course,” in G. M. Thomas, J. W. Meyer, F. O. Ramirez and J. Boli (Eds.), Institutional Structure: Constituting State, Society, and the Individual, Newberry Park, CA: Sage, 242-260.
*31.*	Narayanan, V. K., P. M. Olk, and C. V. Fukami (2010), “Determinants of Internship Effectiveness: An Exploratory Model,” Academy of Management Learning & Education, 9(1), 61-80.
*32.*	NACE(2017), The 2017 Internship & Co-op Report, NACE. https://www.naceweb.org/.
*33.*	Oliver, C.(1991), “Strategic Responses to Institutional Processes,” Academy of Management Review, 16(1), 145-179.
*34.*	Pache, A. C., and F. Santos(2013), “Inside the Hybrid Organization: Selective Coupling as a Response to Competing Institutional Logics,” Academy of Management Journal, 56(4), 972-1001.
*35.*	Park, S., W. D. Sine, and P. S. Tolbert(2011). “Professions, Organizations, and Institutions: Tenure Systems in Colleges and Universities, Work and Occupations, 38(3), 340-371.
*36.*	Phillips, N., T. B. Lawrence, and C. Hardy(2004), “Discourse and Institutions,” Academy of Management Review, 29(4), 635-652.
*37.*	Phillips, N., and N. Malhotra(2008), “Taking Social Construction Seriously: Extending the Discursive Approach to Institutional Theory,” in R. Greenwood, C. Oliver, R. Suddaby and K. Sahlin (Eds.), The Sage Handbook of Organizational Institutionalism, Los Angeles, CA: Sage, 702-720.
*38.*	Powell, W. W., and J. A. Colyvas(2008), “Microfoundations of Institutional Theory,” in R. Greenwood, C. Oliver, K. Sahlin and R. Suddaby (Eds.), The SAGE Handbook of Organizational Institutionalism, London: SAGE Publications, 276-298.
*39.*	Roberts, C.(2017), The Inbetweeners: The New Role of Internships in the Graduate Labour Market, IPPR. http://www.ippr.org/publications/the-inbetweeners.
*40.*	Salancik, G. R.(1977), “Commitment is Too Easy!,” Organizational Dynamics, 6(1), 62-80.
*41.*	Schneiberg, M., and M. Lounsbury(2008), “Social Movements and Institutional Analysis,” in R. Greenwood, C. Oliver, K. Sahlin and R. Suddaby (Eds.), The SAGE Handbook of Organizational Institutionalism, London: SAGE Publications, 650-672.
*42.*	Seo, M-G., and W. E. D. Creed(2002), “Institutional Contradictions, Praxis, and Institutional Change: A Dialectical Perspective,” Academy of Management Review, 27(2), 222-247.
*43.*	Strauss, A., and J. Corbin(1994), “Grounded Theory Methodology: An Overview,” in N. K. Denzin and Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of Qualitative Research, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 273-285.
*44.*	Super, D. E.(1980), “A Life-Span, Life-Space Approach to Career Development,” Journal of Vocational Behavior, 16(3), 282-298.
*45.*	Taylor, M. S.(1988), “Effects of College Internships on Individual Participants,” Journal of Applied Psychology, 73(3), 393-401.
*46.*	Taylor, V., K. Kimport, N. Van Dyke, and E. A. Andersen(2009), “Culture and Mobilization: Tactical Repertoires, Same-Sex Weddings, and the Impact on Gay Activism,” American Sociological Review, 74(6), 865-890.
*47.*	Tolbert, P. S., and L. G. Zucker(1996). “The Institutionalization of Institutional Theory,” in S. Clegg, C. Hardy and W. Nord (Eds.), Handbook of Organization Studies, London: SAGE 175-190.
*48.*	Tovey, J.(2001), “Building Connections between Industry and University: Implementing an Internship Program at a Regional University,” Technical Communication Quarterly, 10(2), 225-239.
*49.*	Walsh, J. P.(1995), “Managerial and Organizational Cognition: Notes from a Trip Down Memory Lane,” Organization Science, 6(3), 280-321.
*50.*	Webb, E. J., D. T. Campbell, R. D. Schwartz, and L. Sechrest(1966), Unobtrusive Measures: Nonreactive Research in the Social Sciences, Oxford, England: Rand Mcnally.
*51.*	Weible, R. (2009), “Are Universities Reaping the Available Benefits Internship Programs Offer?,” Journal of Education for Business, 85(2), 59-63.
*52.*	Weick, K. E.(1979), The Social Psychology of Organizing (2nd ed.), McGraw-Hill.
*53.*	Weick, K. E.(1993), “The Collapse of Sensemaking in Organizations: The Mann Gulch Disaster,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 38(4), 628-652.
*54.*	Weick, K. E.(1995), Sensemaking in Organizations (3rd ed.), London: Sage.
*55.*	Weick, K. E., K. M. Sutcliffe, and D. Obstfeld(2005), “Organizing and the Process of Sensemaking,” Organization Science, 16(4), 409-421.
*56.*	Yang, S., and L. Zheng(2011), “The Paradox of De-coupling: A Study of Flexible Work Program and Workers’ Productivity,” Social Science Research, 40(1), 299-311.

• 저자 최수빈은 이화여자대학교 사회과학대학 문헌정보학과 학부 학생이다. 동시에 인턴십에 참여했던 학생들의 인터뷰를 엮어 만든 <인턴백서>의 저자이기도 하다.

• 저자 지형주는 현재 서강대학교 경영대학에서 박사과정으로 재학 중이다. 비정규직, 노동자의 경영참여 등 노사관계 현안에 연구 관심사를 가지고 있다.

• 저자 김상준은 현재 이화여자대학교 경영대학에서 인사조직/전략 조교수로 재직 중이다. 연세대학교에서 경영학 학사 및 석사학위, 미국 우스터폴리테크닉대학교에서 시스템 다이내믹스 석사학위 그리고 미국 캘리포니아대학교 얼바인 캠퍼스에서 조직이론 전공으로 경영학 박사학위를 취득하였다. 주요 연구 분야는 조직생태학을 기초로 하는 기술 및 사회 혁신이며, 특히 사회구성주의를 기반으로 새로운 조직 형태 형성 및 기업의 생존전략 연구를 진행하고 있다.