Korean Academic Society of Business Administration
[ Article ]
korean management review - Vol. 50, No. 3, pp.665-686
ISSN: 1226-1874 (Print)
Print publication date 30 Jun 2021
Received 09 Nov 2020 Revised 16 Jan 2021 Accepted 18 Jan 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17287/kmr.2021.50.3.665

What Leaders Really Do for Open Collaborations: Focusing on Open Source Software Development Projects

Hyunmi Baek ; Saerom Lee ; Sehwan Oh ; Moonkyoung Jang
(First Author) School of Media and Communication, Korea University lotus1225@korea.ac.kr
(Corresponding Author) School of Business Administration, Kyungpook National University saeromlee@knu.ac.kr
(Co-Author) School of Business Administration, Kyungpook National University sehwano@knu.ac.kr
(Co-Author) Global IT department, Hannam university mk.jang@hnu.kr
개방형 협업 리더의 역할은 무엇인가?: 오픈소스 소프트웨어 프로젝트를 중심으로


Copyright 2011 THE KOREAN ACADEMIC SOCIETY OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0, which permits unrestricted, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Rapid advancements in the field of information communication technology (ICT) have enabled people to collaborate through the Internet. This study focuses on open-source software development, which develops complex software or web services autonomously. To verify the antecedents of the participation of developers for successful open-source software development, we examine the relationship of the leadership roles of the project leader, such as knowledge contribution, interactions, and quality control with the participation of individual developers. For data collection, we develop a web crawler using the Python programming language and collect 518 repositories from GitHub, which is one of the leading platforms for developing open source software. We find that the participation of developers is closely associated with leaders who actively contribute knowledge, interact with the developers, and ensure strict quality control. Furthermore, the software development phase moderates the relationship between quality control and the participation of individual developers.

Keywords:

Open collaboration, Open-source software, Innovation participation, Super leadership

Acknowledgments

This research is supported by the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea and the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2019S1A3A2099973), and the MSIT(Ministry of Science and ICT), Korea, under the ITRC (Information Technology Research Center) support program (IITP-2020-0-01749-001) supervised by the IITP (Institute of Information & Communications Technology Planning & Evaluation)

References

  • Adams, P., Capiluppi, A., and C. Boldyreff(2009), “Coordination and Productivity Issues in Free Software: The Role of Brooks' Law,” in proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Software Maintenance, pp.319-328. [https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSM.2009.5306308]
  • Alin, A.(2010), Multicollinearity, Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Computational Statistics, 2(3), pp.370-374. [https://doi.org/10.1002/wics.84]
  • Andersen-Gott, M., Ghinea, G., and B. Bygstad(2012), Why Do Commercial Companies Contribute to Open Source Software?,” International Journal of Information Management, 32(2), pp.106-117. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2011.10.003]
  • Antikainen, M., and H. Vaataja(2010), “Rewarding in Open Innovation Communities–How to Motivate Members,” International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management, 11(4), pp.440-456. [https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEIM.2010.032267]
  • Anvik J., and G. Murphy(2011), “Reducing the Effort of Bug Report Triage: Recommenders for Development-Oriented Decisions,” ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology, 20(3), pp.10. [https://doi.org/10.1145/2000791.2000794]
  • Avolio, B., and S. Kahai(2003), “Adding the “E” to E-Leadership: How It May Impact Your Leadership,” Organizational Dynamics, 31(4), pp.325-338. [https://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-2616(02)00133-X]
  • Baldwin, C., and K. Clark(2006), “The Architecture of Participation: Does Code Architecture Mitigate Free Riding in the Open Source Development Model?,” Management Science, 52(7), pp.1116-1127. [https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.1060.0546]
  • Baron, R., and D. Kenny(1986), “The Moderator-Mediator Variable Distinction in Social Psychological Research: Conceptual, Strategic, and Statistical Considerations,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), pp.1173-1182. [https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173]
  • Baysal, O., and A. Malton(2007), “Correlating Social Interactions to Release History During Software Evolution,” in proceedings of Fourth International Workshop on Mining Software Repositories. [https://doi.org/10.1109/MSR.2007.4]
  • Baek, H., and Oh, S.(2015), “Identifying the Network Characteristics of Contributors that Affect Performance in Open Collaboration: Focusing on the Github Open Source,” Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, 20(1), pp.23-43. [https://doi.org/10.7838/jsebs.2015.20.1.023]
  • Boulding W, and A. Kirmani(1993), “A Consumer-Side Experimental Examination of Signaling Theory: Do Consumers Perceive Warranties as Signals of Quality?,” Journal of Consumer Research, 20(1), pp.111-123. [https://doi.org/10.1086/209337]
  • Canfora, G., Di Penta, M., Oliveto, R., and S. Panichella(2012), “Who is Going to Mentor Newcomers in Open Source Projects?,” in proceedings of the ACM SIGSOFT 20th International Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering, 44. [https://doi.org/10.1145/2393596.2393647]
  • Cascio, W. F., and S. Shurygailo(2003), “E-Leadership and Virtual Teams,” Organizational Dynamics, 31(4), pp. 362-376. [https://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-2616(02)00130-4]
  • Chin, W.(2004), “Frequently Asked Questions―Partial Least Squares & PLSgraph,” http://Disc-Nt.Cba.Uh.Edu/Chin/Plsfaq.Htm(retrieved 9 January 2018).
  • Choi, Y., Cho, B., and Lee, E.(2020), “The Effect of Empowering Leadership on Follower’s Promotive Voice Behavior: Mediating Effect of Psychological Safety and Moderated Mediating Effect of Coworker’s Acquiescent Silence,” Korean Management Review, 49(6), pp.1549-1573. [https://doi.org/10.17287/kmr.2020.49.6.1549]
  • Connelly B., Certo St, Ireland Rd, Cr. Reutzel(2011), “Signaling Theory: A Review and Assessment,” Journal of Management, 37(1), pp.39-67. [https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206310388419]
  • Cosentino, V., Izquierdo, J. L. C., and J. Cabot(2017), “A Systematic Mapping Study of Software Development with Github,” IEEE Access, 5, pp.7173-7192. [https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2017.2682323]
  • Crowston, K., Annabi, H., and J. Howison(2003), “Defining Open Source Software Project Success,” in proceedings of the International Conference of Information Systems, 2003, 28.
  • Dabbish, L., Stuart, C., Tsay, J., and J. Herbsleb(2012), “Social Coding in Github: Transparency and Collaboration in an Open Software Repository,” in proceedings of the ACM 2012 Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, pp.1277-1286. [https://doi.org/10.1145/2145204.2145396]
  • Dagenais, H. Ossher, R. K. E. Bellamy, M. P. Robillard, and J. De Vries(2010), “Moving into a New Software Project Landscape,” proceeding of the 32nd Acm/Ieee International Conference on Software Engineering - Volume 1, ICSE 2010, Cape Town, South Africa, 1-8 May 2010, pp. 275-284. [https://doi.org/10.1145/1806799.1806842]
  • Darley, J. M., and B. Latane(1968), “Bystander Intervention in Emergencies: Diffusion of Responsibility,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 8(4p1), pp. 377-383. [https://doi.org/10.1037/h0025589]
  • Faraj, S., Jarvenpaa, S. L., and A. Majchrzak(2011), “Knowledge Collaboration in Online Communities,” Organization Science, 22(5), pp.1224-1239. [https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.1100.0614]
  • Faraj, S., Kudaravalli, S., and M. Wasko(2015), “Leading Collaboration in Online Communities,” MIS Quarterly, 39(2), pp.393-412. [https://doi.org/10.25300/MISQ/2015/39.2.06]
  • Forte, A., and C. Lampe(2013), “Defining, Understanding, and Supporting Open Collaboration: Lessons From the Literature,” American Behavioral Scientist, 57(5), pp.535-547. [https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764212469362]
  • Gilbreth, F. B., and L. M. Gilbreth(1924), “Classifying the Elements of Work,” Management and Administration, 8(2), pp. 151-154.
  • Github(2019), The State of the Octoverse, https://octoverse.github.com, (Retrieved April 25, 2020).
  • Github(2021), https://github.com, (Retrieved January 11, 2021).
  • Giuri, P., Rullani, F., and S. Torrisi(2008), “Explaining Leadership in Virtual Teams: The Case of Open Source Software,” Information Economics and Policy, 20(4), pp.305-315. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infoecopol.2008.06.002]
  • Godfrey, M. and Q. Tu(2000), “Evolution in Open Source Software: A Case Study,” in proceedings of Software Maintenance. [https://doi.org/10.1109/ICSM.2000.883030]
  • Gronn, P,(2005), Distributed Organizational Leadership. Greenwich, Ca: Information Age Publishing.
  • Hann, I. H., Roberts, J. A., and S. A. Slaughter(2013), “All are not Equal: An Examination of the Economic Returns to Different Forms of Participation in Open Source Software Communities,” Information Systems Research, 24(3), pp.520-538. [https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.2013.0474]
  • Hahn, J., Moon, J. Y., and C. Zhang(2008), “Emergence of New Project Teams from Open Source Software Developer Networks: Impact of Prior Collaboration Ties,” Information Systems Research, 19(3), pp. 369-391. [https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.1080.0192]
  • Hars, A. And S. Ou(2001), “Working for Free? Motivations of Participating in Open Source Projects,” in proceedings of the 34th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences.
  • Hertel, G., Niedner, S., and S. Herrmann(2003), “Motivation of Software Developers in Open Source Projects: An Internet-Based Survey of Contributors to the Linux Kernel,” Research Policy, 32(7), pp.1159-1177. [https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333(03)00047-7]
  • Ho, S. Y., and A. Rai(2017), “Continued Voluntary Participation Intention in Firm-Participating Open Source Software Projects,” Information Systems Research, 28(3), pp.451-679. [https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.2016.0687]
  • Jeong, G. J., and Choi, S. B,(2015), “Exploring the Relationship Between Super-Leadership and Innovation Behavior : Mediating Effects of Followership and Positive Psychological Capital,” Journal of Business Research, 30(2), pp.1-30.
  • Kayworth, T., and D. E. Leidner(2001-2002), “Leadership Effectiveness in Global Virtual Teams,” Journal of Management Information Systems, 18(3), pp 7-40. [https://doi.org/10.1080/07421222.2002.11045697]
  • Kiefer, F., and P. M. Senge(1999), “Metanoic Organizations in the Transition to a Sustainable Society,” Reflections: The Sol Journal, 1(1), pp.25-36. [https://doi.org/10.1162/152417399570269]
  • Kudaravalli, S., Faraj, S., and S. L. Johnson(2017), A Configural Approach to Coordinating Expertise in Software Development Teams,” MIS Quarterly, 41(1), pp.43-64. [https://doi.org/10.25300/MISQ/2017/41.1.03]
  • Kwak, G.(2014), Social Network Analysis, Cheongram.
  • Lee, S., Baek, H., and Jahng, J.(2017), “Role of Project Owner in OSS Project: Based on Impression Formation and Social Capital Theory,” Journal of Society for E-Business Studies, 21(2), pp.23-46. [https://doi.org/10.7838/jsebs.2016.21.2.023]
  • Lee, S., Baek, H., and J. Jahng(2017), “Governance Strategies for Open Collaboration: Focusing on Resource Allocation in Open Source Software Development Organizations,” International Journal of Information Management, 37(5), pp,431-437. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2017.05.006]
  • Lerner, J. and J. Tirole(2001), “The Open Source Movement: Key Research Questions,” European Economic Review, 45(4), pp. 819-826. [https://doi.org/10.1016/S0014-2921(01)00124-6]
  • Lerner, J., and J. Tirole(2002), “Some Simple Economics of Open Source,” Journal of Industrial Economics, 50(2) pp.197-234. [https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6451.00174]
  • Li, Y., Tan, C. H., and H. H. Teo(2012), “Leadership Characteristics and Developers’ Motivation in Open Source Software Development,” Information & Management, 49(5), pp.257-267. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2012.05.005]
  • Marlow, J., Dabbish, L., and J. Herbsleb(2013), “Impression Formation in Online Peer Production: Activity Traces and Personal Profiles in Github,” in proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, pp.117-128. [https://doi.org/10.1145/2441776.2441792]
  • Manz, C., and H. Sims(1984), “Searching for the ‘Unleader’: Organizational Member Views on Leading Self-Managed Groups,” Human Relations, 37(5), pp.409-424. [https://doi.org/10.1177/001872678403700504]
  • Manz, C., and H. Sims(2001), The New Superleadership: Leading Others to Lead Themselves. Berrett-Koehler Publishers.
  • Markus, M.(2007), “The Governance of Free/Open Source Software Project: Monolithic, Multidimensional, or Configurational?,” Journal of Manage Governance, 11(2), pp. 151-163. [https://doi.org/10.1007/s10997-007-9021-x]
  • Melchor-Ferrer, E., and D. Buendía-Carrillo(2014), “Financial Information Management for University Departments, Using Open-Source Software,” International Journal of Information Management, 34(2), pp. 191-199. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2013.12.009]
  • Moon, J., and L. Sproull(2002), “Essence of Distributed Work: The Case of the Linux Kernel,” Distributed Work, London, England, pp. 381-404.
  • O’Mahony, S., and F. Ferraro(2004), “Hacking Alone? The Effects of Online and Offline Participation on Open Source Community Leadership,” Working Paper.
  • Pearce, C., and J. Conger(2003), “All those Years Ago: The Historical Underpinnings of Shared Leadership. In C. L. Pearce, & J. A. Conger(Eds.),” Shared Leadership: Reframing the Hows and Whys of Leadership(pp.1-18). Thousand Oaks, Ca: Sage. [https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452229539.n1]
  • Raymond, E(1999), “The Cathedral and the Bazaar,” Knowledge, 12(3), pp. 23-49. [https://doi.org/10.1007/s12130-999-1026-0]
  • Rheingold, H(2000), The Virtual Community: Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier. Cambridge, Ma: Mit Press. [https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/7105.001.0001]
  • Roberts, J., Hann, I., and S. Slaughter(2006), “Understanding the Motivations, Participation, and Performance of Open Source Software Developers: A Longitudinal Study of the Apache Projects,” Management Science, 52(7), pp. 984-999. [https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.1060.0554]
  • Scacchi, W(2007), “Free/Open Source Software Development,” in proceeding of the 6th Joint Meeting of the European Software Engineering Conference and the ACM SIGSOFT Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering, pp.459-468. [https://doi.org/10.1145/1287624.1287689]
  • Scott, J.(2012), Social Network Analysis. Sage. [https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1800-9_178]
  • Siau, K., and Y. Tian(2013), “Open Source Software Development Process Model: A Grounded Theory Approach,” Journal of Global Information Management, 21(4), pp. 103-120. [https://doi.org/10.4018/jgim.2013100106]
  • Sonnentag, S., Frese, M., Stolte, W., Heinbokel, T., and F. Brodbeck(1994), “Goal Orientation of Team Leaders: Its Effects on Performance and Group Interaction in Software Development Projects,” European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 4(2), pp. 153-168. [https://doi.org/10.1080/13594329408410481]
  • Spence, M.(1974), Market Signaling: Informational Transfer in Hiring and Related Screening Processes, Cambridge, Ma: Harvard University Press.
  • Sproull, L., and S. Kiesler(1986), “Reducing Social Context Cues: Electronic Mail in Organizational Communication,” Management Science, 32(11), pp. 1492-1512. [https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.32.11.1492]
  • Tapscott, D., and A. D. Williams(2006), Wikinomics: How Mass Collaboration Changes Everything, New York: Portfolio.
  • Taylor, F.(1911), The Principles of Scientific Management, New York: Harper & Brothers.
  • Wasserman, S., and K. Faust(1994), Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications, Cambridge University Press. [https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511815478]
  • Yan, B., and L. Jian(2017), “Beyond Reciprocity: The Bystander Effect of Knowledge Response in Online Knowledge Communities,” Computers in Human Behavior, 76, pp. 9-18. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.06.040]
  • Yoo, Y. and M. Alavi(2004), “Emergent Leadership in Virtual Teams: What Do Emergent Leaders Do?,” Information and Organization, 14(1), pp. 27-58. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infoandorg.2003.11.001]
  • Zigurs, I.(2003), “Leadership in Virtual Teams: Oxymoron or Opportunity?,” Organizational Dynamics, 31(4), pp. 339-351. [https://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-2616(02)00132-8]

∙ The author Hyunmi Baek is an associate professor in the School of Media and Communication, Korea University. She received her BS in chemical engineering from the Pohang University of Science and Technology and her MS in IT management from the Information and Communications University. She received her PhD in management information systems from Seoul National University. From 2003 to 2013, she worked for Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute. From 2013 to 2018, she worked for Hanyang University. Her primary research interests are electronic word-of-mouth in social media, media management, information adoption, and open collaboration.

∙ The author Saerom Lee has been with the School of Business Administration, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Rep. of Korea, where she is now an assistant professor, since 2018. She received her BS degree in International Trade from Pusan National University, in 2010, and her PhD degree in management information systems from Seoul National University, Seoul, Rep. of Korea, in 2016. Her main research interests are open collaboration in open source software developers and cyber bullying behaviors focusing on sexual harassment.

∙ The author Sehwan Oh is an Associate Professor at the School of Business Administration, Kyungpook National University. He earned his PhD Degree in Management Information Systems from the College of Business Administration, Seoul National University, MS Degree in Information Technologies– eBusiness Technology (MSIT) from the School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, and BA Degree in Economics from the College of Social Sciences, Seoul National University. He worked for Korea International Trade Association (KITA) as a senior researcher. His current research interests include sharing economy, social media, electronic word-of-mouth, and ICT use in international trade.

∙ The author Moonkyoung Jang is an assistant professor at Global IT Business, Hannam university. She received her Ph.D. Degree in Management Information Systems from the College of Business Administration, Seoul National University. She worked as an ERP programmer for Lotte Data Communication Company and Tyco International, and worked as a researcher at Nanyang Technological University and Korea University. Her research interests include digital contents platform, eWOM, open collaboration, and media management.