Your browser does not support the PubReader view.
Go to this page to see a list of supporting browsers.
Korean Academic Society of Business Administration
[ Article ]
korean management review - Vol. 48, No. 3, pp.733-766
ISSN: 1226-1874 (Print)
Print publication date 30 Jun 2019
Received 09 Jul 2018 Revised 18 Feb 2018 Accepted 21 Mar 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17287/kmr.2019.48.3.733

조선족과 한족 근로자들의 한국에서의 직무적응 및 직무만족에 관한 연구: 문화적응의 매개효과를 중심으로

김권수* ; 이금희**
*(제1저자) 경상대학교 경영학과 박사수료 kskim@gnu.ac.kr
**(교신저자) 경상대학교 경영학과 부교수 jxlilee@gnu.ac.kr
Work Adjustment and Job Satisfaction of Korean-Chinese and Han-Chinese Workers in Korea: Mediating Role of Acculturation
Kwon-Su Kim* ; Jinxi Michelle Li**
*Gyeongsang National University, Dept. of Business Administration, Ph.D. Candidate, First Author
**Gyeongsang National University, Dept. of Business Administration, Associate Professor, Corresponding Author

초록

88 올림픽 이후 지속적으로 증가한 국내 외국인수는 현재 200만 명에 달하며 한국은 다문화 사회로 진입하고 있다. 하지만 한국에 근무하는 외국인 근로자들은 대부분 저임금과 열악한 근무환경, 그리고 문화적응 등으로 많은 어려움을 겪고 있다.

본 연구는 Alderfer(1972)의 ERG이론을 프레임으로 한국어 능력(Existence needs), 근로조건(Existence needs), 사회문화적 거리(Relatedness needs), 권력거리(Relatedness needs) 및 성취욕구(Growth needs) 등 ERG요인들이 문화적응(수준 1차원, 통합 2차원)과 직무만족 및 직무적응에 미치는 영향, 그리고 문화적응의 매개효과 및 민족의 조절효과를 분석함으로써 외국인 근로자를 고용하는 기업들과 이들을 지원하는 사회복지 단체에 관리적 및 실무적 시사점을 주고자 한다.

이를 실증적으로 검증하기 위하여 중국인 근로자 181명(조선족 106명, 한족 75명)에 대한 설문조사를 토대로 Amos를 이용한 구조방정식 모형분석을 실시하였다. 실증적 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 한국어 능력은 문화적응 수준 및 문화통합에 모두 유의한 정(+)의 영향을, 근로조건은 문화적응 수준, 문화통합, 직무적응 및 직무만족에 모두 유의한 정(+)의 영향을, 사회문화적 거리는 문화통합 및 직무적응에 모두 유의한 정(+)의 영향을, 권력거리는 직무적응에 유의한 정(+)의 영향을, 성취욕구는 문화적응 수준, 문화통합, 직무적응 및 직무만족에 모두 유의한 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 문화적응 수준은 한국어 능력과 직무적응/직무만족의 관계 및 성취욕구와 직무적응/직무만족의 관계를 매개하는 것으로 나타났다. 문화통합은 근로조건과 직무적응/직무만족의 관계, 사회문화적 거리와 직무적응/직무만족의 관계, 그리고 성취욕구와 직무적응/직무만족의 관계를 매개하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 두 민족 집단은 근로조건 → 직무만족, 권력거리 → 문화적응수준, 문화통합 → 직무적응, 문화통합 → 직무만족, 한국어 능력 → 직무적응, 권력거리→직무만족 등 6개 경로에서 유의한 차이가 나타났다.

본 연구는 ERG이론을 프레임으로 문화적응, 직무적응 및 직무만족에 영향 미치는 요소들을 분석함으로써 문화적응과 직무적응의 이론적 확립에 큰 기여를 하였고, 문화적응의 1차원(수준) 및 2차원(통합) 척도를 모두 사용함으로써 이 두 개념의 차이점을 실증적으로 분석하였다는데 그 의의가 있다.

Abstract

Since the Olympics in 1988, the number of foreigners has increased to 2 million now and Korea is entering a multicultural society. However, most foreign workers in Korea are suffering from poor working conditions, low wages, delayed payment of wages, and cultural adaptation. The variables, duly sorted by different human needs under ERG theory, were assumed to predict the work and cultural adjustment as well as job satisfaction, and included Korean language skills(Existence needs), work conditions(Existence needs), power distance(Relatedness needs), social-cultural distance (Relatedness needs), and achievement needs(Growth needs). The sample of our respondents was 181 Chinese workers(106 Han-Chinese and 75 Korean-Chinese).

The empirical results are as follows. Korean language skills positively affected acculturation level and cultural integration, while social-cultural distance negatively influenced cultural integration and work adjustment. Power distance had a positive(+) impact on work adjustment. Work conditions and achievement needs both significantly influenced all the outcome variables including acculturation level, cultural integration, work adjustment and job satisfaction. Acculturation level was found to mediate the relationship between Korean language skills and work adjustment/job satisfaction as well as between achievement needs and work adjustment/ job satisfaction. Cultural integration was found to mediate the relationship between working conditions and work adjustment/job satisfaction, social-cultural distance and work adjustment/ job satisfaction as well as between achievement needs and work adjustment/job satisfaction. In addition, the two ethnic groups were significantly different in the following paths: working conditions → job satisfaction, power distance → acculturation level, cultural integration → work adjustment, cultural integration → job satisfaction, Korean language skills → work adjustment, and power distance → job satisfaction.

This study made a meaningful contribution to the theories of acculturation and work adjustment by analyzing the factors affecting them. The unidimensional and bidimensional measurements of acculturation used in this study also enabled us to compare these two concepts empirically.

Keywords:

acculturation level, cultural integration, work adjustment, social-cultural distance, power distance, achievement needs

키워드:

문화적응 수준, 문화통합, 직무적응, 사회문화적 거리, 권력거리, 성취욕구

Acknowledgments

이 연구는 2017년도 경상대학교 학술진흥지원사업 연구비에 의하여 수행되었음.This work was supported by the fund of research promotion program, Gyeongsang National University, 2017

References

  • 권순택(2004), “차별 문화에 대한 기독교 교육적 대안 모색: 헤르트 홉스테드의 문화분석 이론을 중심으로,” 기독교교육정보, 43-70.
  • 문수백(2009), 구조방정식모델링의 이해와 적용, 학지사.
  • 석현호(1998), “외국인 취업자의 직무만족과 조직몰입,” 한국사회학, 32(4): 679-701.
  • 석현호·정기선·장준오(1998), 외국인 노동자의 노사관계와 사회적 적응, 아산재단 연구총서, 49, 집문당.
  • 석현호·정기선·이정환·이혜경·강수돌(2003), 외국인 노동자의 일터와 삶, 지식마당.
  • 설동훈(1999). 외국인노동자와 한국사회, 서울대학교출판부.
  • 윤선오·박명호·권장수(2005), “이주노동자 현황 및 개선방안,” 복지행정논총, 15(2): 221-260.
  • 윤영주(2001), 한국체류 중국동포의 문화적응 스트레스에 관한 연구, 중앙대학교 대학원 석사학위논문, 미간행.
  • 이광현(1999), 중국기업과 한국기업 종업원간의 동기부여 요인에 관한 비교 연구, 단국대학교 대학원 석사 학위논문, 미간행.
  • 이금희(2008), 조선족과 한족 근로자들의 한국에서 직업/문화 적응에 관한 연구: ERG이론을 중심으로, 이화여자대학교 대학원 박사학위논문.
  • 이금희·김성국(2014), “한국에서의 이문화 교육훈련 개선방안에 관하여,” 경상논총, 32(1), 27-49.
  • 이정향·김영경(2013), “한국 이주 근로자의 ‘사이버 공동체’에 관한 연구,” 한국지역지리학회지, 19(2), 73-91.
  • 이정환·석현호(2001), “외국인 노동자의 기대체류기간에 관한 연구,” 한국사회학, 35(4): 129-157.
  • 이준호(2003), “우리나라 조직구성원들에 인지된 문화적 가치관이 팀제에 대한 저항과 조적성과에 미친 영향,” 조직과 인사관리연구, 27(4): 25-56.
  • 장준오(2002), 불법외국인노동자의 실태와 문제점, 한국형사정책연구원.
  • 정철균·이광희·황규대(2007), “외국인 근로자 적응의 사회문화적 요인에 대한 연구,” 조직과 인사관리연구, 31(2), 1-28.
  • 정자경·박연환(2012), “외국인 근로자의 문화적응도, 사회적 지지와 건강증진행위,” 한국사회복지조사연구, 32, 29-52.
  • 정진경·양계민(2004), “문화적응이론의 전개와 현황,” 한국심리학회지: 일반, 23(1), 101-136.
  • 한철희(2004), “논찬,” 기독교교육정보, 71-78.
  • 허준(2013). 허준의 쉽게 따라하는 Amos 구조방정식 모형(고급편), 한나래 아카데미.
  • 황윤정·이재욱(2006), “정서장애학교교사의 성취동기와 직무 만족도와의 관계,” 한국동서정신과학회지, 9(2), 45-55.
  • Alderfer, C. (1972), Existence, Relatedness, & Growth. New York: Free Press.
  • Arnolds, C. A. & Boshoff, C. (2000), Does Higher Remuneration Equal Higher Job Performance? An Empirical Assessment of the Need-Progression Proposition in Selected Need Theories, South African Journal of Business Management, 31(2), 53-64. [https://doi.org/10.4102/sajbm.v31i2.734]
  • Arnolds, C. A. & Boshoff, C. (2002), Compensation, Esteem Valence and Job Performance: An Empirical Assessment of Alderfer's ERG Theory, International Journal of Human Resource Management, 13(4), 697-719. [https://doi.org/10.1080/09585190210125868]
  • Aycan, Z. (1997), Expatriate Adjustment as a Multifaceted Phenomenon: Individual and Organizational Level Predictors, The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 8(4), 434-456. [https://doi.org/10.1080/095851997341540]
  • Baker, L. M. (2004), Work Adjustment in Persons Living with HIV/AIDS(PLWHA): A Biopsychosocial Perspective, Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Maryland.
  • Barry, D. T. (2001), Development of a New Scale for Measuring Acculturation: The East Asian Acculturation Measure(EAAM), Journal of Immigrant Health, 3(4), 193-197. [https://doi.org/10.1037/t03891-000]
  • Berman, G. S. (1981), Work Satisfaction and General Adjustment of Migrants, Sociology of Work and Occupations, 8, 417-438. [https://doi.org/10.1177/073088848100800402]
  • Berry, J. W. (1980), Acculturation as Varieties of Adaptation. In A. M. Padilla (Eds.), Acculturation: Theory, Models, and Some New Findings, Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
  • Bhagat, R. S. (1983), Effects of Stressful Life Events on Individual Performance Effectiveness and Work Adjustment Processes within Organizational Settings: A Research Model, Academy of Management Review, 8(4), 660-671. [https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1983.4284672]
  • Black, J. S. (1988), Work Role Transition: A Study of American Expatriate Managers in Japan, Journal of International Business Studies, 19(2), 277-294. [https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490383]
  • Black, J. S., & Stephens, G. K. (1989), The Influence of the Spouse on American Expatriate Adjustment and Intent to Stay in Pacific Rim Overseas Assignments, Journal of Management, 15(4), 529-544. [https://doi.org/10.1177/014920638901500403]
  • Black, J. S., Mendenhall, M., & Oddou, G. (1991), Toward a Comprehensive Model of International Adjustment: An Integration of Multiple Theoretical Perspectives, Academy of Management Review, 16(2), 291-317. [https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1991.4278938]
  • Bogardus, E. S. (1925), Measuring Social Distance, Sociology and Social Research, 9, 299-308.
  • Carrillo, I. (1993), Acculturation, Work Values and Participation: Application of Hofstede's Model to Mexican American Engineering Students, Unpublished doctoral dissertation, California State University.
  • Cerdin, J. L. & Stahl, G. K. (2004), Global Careers in French and German Multinational Corporations, The Journal of Management Development, 23(9), 885-902. [https://doi.org/10.1108/02621710410558486]
  • Chen, I. H. (1996), Work Values, Acculturation and Job Satisfaction among Chinese Immigrant Professionals, Unpublished doctoral dissertation, New York University.
  • Cota-Robles, S. L. (2002), Acculturation, Familism and Parent-Adolescent Processes: The Role of Adherence to Traditional Cultural Values in Reducing the Risk for Delinquency for Mexican American Adolescents, Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Arizona.
  • Dawis, R. V. & Lofquist, L. H. (1984), A psychological Theory of Work Adjustment, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
  • Dinh, K. T. & Nguyen, H. H. (2006), The Effects of Acculturative Variables on Asian American Parent-Child Relationships, Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 23(3), 407-426. [https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407506064207]
  • DuBois, C. (1956). Foreign Students and Higher Education in the United States, Washington, DC: American Councilon Education.
  • Earley, P. C., Stubblebine, P. (1989), Intercultural Assessment of Performance Feedback, Group & Organization Studies, 14, 161-81. [https://doi.org/10.1177/105960118901400206]
  • Flores, G. (2000), Culture and the Patient-Physician Relationship: Achieving Cultural Competency in Health Care, J Pediatr, 136(1), 14-23. [https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3476(00)90043-X]
  • Haslberger, A. (2005), Facets and Dimensions of Cross-Cultural Adaptation: Refining the Tools, Personnel Review, 34(1), 85-109. [https://doi.org/10.1108/00483480510571897]
  • Hoffman, M. A. & Driscoll, J. M. (2000), Health Promotion and Disease Prevention: A Concentric Biopsychosocial Model of Health Status, in S. D. Brown & R. W. Lent (eds.), Handbook of Counseling Psychology(3rd ed., pp. 532-567), New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  • Hofstede, G. (1980), Culture's Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values, Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
  • Hofstede, G. (1991), Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind, London: McGrawHill.
  • Kang, S. M. (2006), Measurement of Acculturation, Scale Formats, and Language Competence: Their Implications for Adjustment, Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 37(6), 669-693. [https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022106292077]
  • Kats, R. (1983), Occupational Mobility of Immigrants and Their Job Satisfaction: A Secondary Analysis, International Migration, 21, 345-357. [https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2435.1983.tb00082.x]
  • Keefe, S. & Padilla, A. M. (1987), Chicano Ethnicity, Albuquerque, University of New Mexico Press.
  • Kelloway, E. K. (1998). Using LISREL for Structural Equation Modeling: A Researcher's Guide, CA: Sage Publications.
  • Korman, A. (1971), Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Englewood Cliffs, Prenticehall, 52.
  • Kraimer, M. L. (2001), Sources of Support and Expatriate Performance: The Mediating Role of Expatriate Adjustment, Personnel Psychology, 54(1), 71-99. [https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2001.tb00086.x]
  • Lazalde, P. (1990), Acculturation and Job Satisfaction among Working Hispanic Women, Unpublished doctoral dissertation, California School of Professional Psychology.
  • Lee, S. K., Sobal, J., & Frongillo, E. A. (2003), Comparison of Models of Acculturation: The Case of Korean Americans, Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 34, 282-296. [https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022103034003003]
  • Lindert, A. T., Korzilius, H., de Vijer, F. J. R., Kroon, S., & Arends-Toth, J. (2008). Perceived Discrimination and Acculturation among Iranian Refugees in the Netherlands. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 32, 578-588. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2008.09.003]
  • Martin J. W. (1959), Adolescent social distance toward occupational status, Indiana University (June), Michigan: U. M. I.
  • Maslow, A. (1943). A Theory of Human Motivation, Psychological Review, 50, 370-96. [https://doi.org/10.1037/h0054346]
  • Maynard-Reid, N. A. (2005), The Relations among Acculturation, Acculturative Stress, and Social Self-Efficacy, Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Arizona State University.
  • Mezias, J. M. & Scandura, T. A. (2005), A Needs-Driven Approach to Expatriate Adjustment and Career Development: A Multiple Mentoring Perspective, Journal of International Business Studies, 36(5), 519-540. [https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400159]
  • McClelland, D. (1962), Business Drive and National Achievement, Harvard Business Review, 40(4), 99-112.
  • Padilla, A. M. (1980), The Role of Cultural Awareness and Ethnic Loyalty in Acculturation. In A. Padilla (Eds.), Acculturation: Theory, Models and Some New Findings, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 47-84.
  • Parker, B. & McEvoy, G. M. (1993), Initial Examination of a Model of Intercultural Adjustment, International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 17(3), 355-379. [https://doi.org/10.1016/0147-1767(93)90039-B]
  • Phan, P. T. (2003), Acculturation and the Occupational Choice of Immigrant Vietnamese Men, Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Minnesota.
  • Pires, G., Stanton, J., & Ostenfeld, S. (2006), Improving Expatriate Adjustment and Effectiveness in Ethnically Diverse Countries: Marketing Insights, Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal, 13(2), 156-170. [https://doi.org/10.1108/13527600610662339]
  • Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003), Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical reviews of the literature and recommended remedies, Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879-903. [https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879]
  • Rampersad, H. K. (2001), A Visionary Management Model, The TQM Magazine, 13(4), 211-223. [https://doi.org/10.1108/09544780110391648]
  • Sakakihara, J. A. (2001), The Influence of Power Distance on Ethnic Students' Likelihood of Engaging in Extra Class Communication, Unpublished doctoral dissertation, California State University.
  • Selmer, J. (2001), Adjustment of Western European vs North American Expatriate Managers in China, Personnel Review, 30(1), 6-21. [https://doi.org/10.1108/00483480110380118]
  • Selmer, J. (2005), Cross-Cultural Training and Expatriate Adjustment in China: Western Join Venture Managers, Personnel Review, 34(1), 68-84. [https://doi.org/10.1108/00483480510571888]
  • Shaffer, M. A., Harrison, D. A., & Gilley, K. M. (1999), Dimensions, Determinants, and Differences in the Expatriate Adjustment Process, Journal of International Business Studies, 30(3), 557-580. [https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490083]
  • Shandiz, M. T. (1981). Factors Influencing Foreign Students' Adjustments and Attitudes in the Community of Oklahoma State University, Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Oklahoma State University.
  • Spence, M. A. (2000), Successful Vocational Rehabilitation for Persons with Significant Mental Disabilities: A Logistic Regression Analysis, Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Ohio State University.
  • Staines, G. L. (1980), Spillover Versus Compensation: A Review of the Literature on the Relationship between Work and Nonwork, Human Relations, 33(2), 111-129. [https://doi.org/10.1177/001872678003300203]
  • Steers, R. M. & Braunstein, D. N. (1976), A Behaviorally-Based Measure of Manifest Needs in Work Settings, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 9, 251-266. [https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-8791(76)90083-X]
  • Suinn, R. M., Rickard-Figueroa, K., Lew, S., & Vigil, P. (1987), The Suinn-Lew Asian Self-Identity Acculturation Scale: An Initial Report, Educational and Psychological Measurement, 47, 401—407. [https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164487472012]
  • Takeuchi, R., Yun, S., & Tesluk, P. E. (2002), An Examination of Crossover and Spillover Effects of Spousal and Expatriate Cross-Cultural Adjustment on Expatriate Outcomes, Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(4), 655-666. [https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.87.4.655]
  • Tymon, W. G. Jr. (1988), An Empirical Investigation of a Cognitive Model of Empowerment, Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Temple University.
  • Wang, X. & Sangalang, P. J. (2005), Work Adjustment and Job Satisfaction of Filipino Immigrant Employees in Canada, Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, 22(3), 243-254. [https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1936-4490.2005.tb00369.x]
  • Ward, C. & Geeraert, N. (2016). Advancing Acculturation Theory and Research: the Acculturation Process in Its Ecological Context. Current Opinion in Psychology, 8, 98-104. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.09.021]
  • Westermeyer, J. & Cheng, H. (1996), English Fluency and Social Adjustment among Hmong Refugees in Minnesota, J Nerv Ment Dis, 184 (2), 130-131. [https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-199602000-00014]
  • Westie, F. R. (1952), Negro-White Status Differentials and Social Distance, American Sociological Review, 17(5), 550-558. [https://doi.org/10.2307/2088221]
  • Williams, K. J. & Alliger, G. M. (1994), Role Stressors, Mood Spillover, and Perceptions of Work-Family Conflict in Employed Parents, Academy of Management Journal, 37, 837-868. [https://doi.org/10.2307/256602]
  • Yamini-Benjamin, Y. I. (2006), Moving toward a Better Understanding of Black Women's Work Adjustment: The Role of Perceived Discrimination and Self-Efficacy in Predicting Job Satisfaction and Psychological Distress in Black Women, Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of California, Santa Barbara.
  • Yetim, N. & Yetim, U. (2006), The Cultural Orientations of Entrepreneurs and Employees' Job Satisfaction: The Turkish Small and Medium Sized Enterprises(SMEs) Case, Social Indicators Research, 77, 257-286. [https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-005-4851-x]
  • Zambrana, R., & Frith, S. (1988), Mexican American Professional Women: Role Satisfaction Differences in Single and Multiple Role Life Styles. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 3(4), 347-361.

• 저자 김권수는 현재 경상대학교 일반대학원 경영학과 박사과정을 수료하고 학부 강의를 하고 있다. 동 대학에서 경영학 학사와 석사 학위를 취득하였다. 주요 관심 연구분야는 긍정심리자본과 회복력, 외국인의 적응과 심리자본 등이다.

• 저자 이금희는 현재 경상대학교 경영학과 부교수로 재직 중이다. 미국 Liberty University와 Southern Illinois University에서 각각 커뮤니케이션 학사와 석사 학위를 취득하였고 이화여자대학교에서 인사조직 전공으로 박사학위를 취득하였다. 주요 연구분야는 문화적응, 동기부여, 조직문화 등이다.